As nearly 200 nations gather in Glasgow for UN climate talks starting Sunday, all eyes are on Rome where a G20 summit ending the same day will signal how committed the world’s major economies are to curbing global warming.
Never has climate change figured so prominently on the G20 agenda, and never have leaders hopped straight from a G20 to a climate summit: more than 120 heads of state and government are expected at the outset of COP26 in Scotland.
The G20 – including China, the US, India, the EU and Russia – accounts for 80 percent of global GDP and nearly 80 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.
“The G20 is going to be very important for COP26,” said Helen Mountford, VP for climate and economics at the World Resources Institute.
“The idea is to get very clear and strong pressure signals from the leaders on what they plan to do, both individually and collectively,” she told AFP.
Climate negotiators, CEOs, policy wonks and NGOs at the 13-day climate talks will parse the G20 communique for signs of where COP26 might break down or see breakthroughs.
No measure of success at COP26 looms larger than capping global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius below pre-industrial levels, a threshold only a few tenths of a degree away.
“We want to be able to say with credibility coming out of Glasgow that we have kept 1.5C within reach,” UK minister and COP President Alok Sharma told journalists by Zoom this week.
But that means slashing global emissions nearly in half by 2030 and to “net-zero” by 2050.
We are far from the mark. Recently updated carbon-cutting pledges – known as nationally determined contributions, or NDCs – would still see global temperatures rise a “catastrophic” 2.7C, according to the UN.
“We need sharp emissions cuts within this decade,” said Rachel Cleetus, policy director for climate and energy at the Union of Concerned Scientists.
G20 countries that have not stepped up with stronger near-term carbon cutting pledges – Australia, Japan, Brazil, Russia, Saudi Arabia – “are likely to be among those least enthusiastic” about a strongly worded commitment to 1.5C, she told AFP.
China – by far the world’s biggest carbon polluter – plans to make its economy carbon neutral before 2060, but has also resisted pressure to deepen near-term ambition.
The cornerstone temperature goal in the 2015 Paris Agreement, China points out, is “well below 2C” – the 1.5C goal was purely aspirational, even if it has since become the de facto target.
Beijing’s revised climate plan, submitted to the UN Thursday, repeats a long-standing goal of peaking emissions by 2030.
“There’s no way to be on a trajectory that’s consistent with 1.5C by 2030 unless China does a lot more in this decade,” said Alden Meyer, a senior associate at climate and energy think tank E3G.
India, meanwhile, argues that if net-zero by 2050 is the global goal, then rich countries should be carbon neutral ten years earlier to allow poorer, emerging nations a larger carbon allowance and more time to develop.
A best-case scenario, experts say, would be a G20 communique that calls for ramping up emissions reductions in the coming decade, setting 2023 – when a Paris Agreement “stocktake” is to take place – as a deadline for hard numbers.
“Worst case would be something squishy that doesn’t emphasize near-term 2030 action, but focuses more on long-term net-zero goals,” said Cleetus.
