Hampered by cautious investors and a rigid corporate culture, Japan has produced just a handful of major start-ups. But there are signs that could be changing, industry insiders say.
Despite being the world's third-largest economy, Japan is far behind the United States and China when it comes to producing "unicorns" — new companies valued at more than $1 billion in private funding.
There are nearly 500 unicorns worldwide, from Silicon Valley rental giant Airbnb to Bytedance, TikTok's Beijing-based parent company.
But only four of these firms are Japanese, according to the latest list compiled by US analytics platform CB Insights.
"Relative to its GDP, Japan should have at least 50 to 60 unicorns," said Gen Isayama, head of World Innovation Lab, a California-based company that provides advice and capital to start-ups, with a focus on Japan.
"In Japan, innovation efforts have always been led by big corporations," he explained, with banks "more willing to loan money to these corporates rather than to invest in start-up companies."
Japan's venture-capital market, worth around $4 billion last year, is much smaller than the United States' at $137 billion and China's at $52 billion, according to several studies.
But even Japan's own SoftBank Group, which has invested heavily in tech firms, tends to fund overseas prospects, including Uber and Alibaba, and has barely touched smaller homegrown companies.
'Protected'
That lack of private capital for expansion can force Japanese start-ups to go public much sooner than their counterparts elsewhere.
But "if you go public too small you can never grow", warned Isayama.
"In Japan, the standards for listing are very low, so there are a lot of tiny corporations, and many of them are satisfied with that," said Takeshi Aida, founder and CEO of RevComm, a Tokyo-based AI start-up that hopes to launch soon in Southeast Asia.
The country's shrinking population and stagnant economy mean "a lot of international companies are not really interested in Japan", he told AFP.
That in turn can mean Japanese start-ups feel "protected" from outside competition, he added, lacking the drive to grow and expand.
Industry players also point to cultural factors, saying Japan's education system is still designed to produce candidates for stable jobs at big companies.
It takes "a lot of guts" to break the mould in a society famous for conformity, Isayama said.
Aida chuckled when he recalled his student days: "I was very strange compared to other people. I talked too much, I spoke my mind."
Takafumi Kurahashi, operational director at digital start-up SmartHR, said he realised the cultural differences growing up between Japan and the United States.
"If you show off you'll be pushed back," he said of his experience at a Japanese high school.
"So I learned the hard way, by getting pushed back."
'Aim high'
Despite the difficulties, experts see reasons for optimism.
"Manufacturing, heavy-industry driven corporations have realised they cannot innovate in the way they used to", Isayama said, and they are in a position to invest in start-ups that can fill that gap.
Corporate investors are also gradually realising it is better to give start-ups space to find their wings, rather than trying to control them, he added.
The pandemic and new Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga's reform agenda are also driving Japanese businesses and government departments to digitise further, which could provide new opportunities for homegrown tech entrepreneurs.
Isayama said government support for start-ups is also improving, with officials seeking advice from experienced investors on which firms to support.
And innovators can take inspiration from the success of companies like Mercari, an e-commerce platform for second-hand goods founded in 2013, which has been downloaded more than 50 million times in the United States.
Mercari was Japan's first unicorn to go public in 2018, and it is now valued at 780 billion yen ($7.3 billion).
"When Mercari went public, it was huge news for us," said Kurahashi.
"We are more determined to aim high and make history."
