Shovels and brooms in hand, some two dozen workmen trudge around the remains of an ancient villa, deep beneath the bustle of modern-day Thessaloniki.
Suddenly, one of them breaks away to deliver the latest find—a small clay head of a hook-nosed, bearded man with an ugly grin.
“Probably a votive offering,” notes the junior archaeologist on duty.
A 15-year subway project in Greece’s northern metropolis, scheduled to be completed in 2020, has shed light on unknown facets of daily life in the 2,300-year-old city’s history.
The excavation has brought to light Thessaloniki’s central 6th-century highway and other urban works, filling in gaps in the city’s long history for archaeologists.
“We did not know such important urban changes had been carried out in this era, probably under [Byzantine Emperor] Justinian,” said Polyxene Adam-Veleni, head of the culture ministry’s Thessaloniki antiquities department.
“We were surprised to discover the road in such exceptional condition. This phase of the city’s history was mostly unknown to us,” she told AFP.
Other finds such as the villa are older, dating to the late fourth century AD.
On the floor of the villa’s hot bath, archaeologists found a gold ring.
“It was probably dropped by a young woman who made the mistake of taking her jewellery into the baths,” a site archaeologist said.
Trade hub for centuries
Built in the fourth century BC and named after the half-sister of Alexander the Great, Thessaloniki was an important hub of the Roman Empire and later became the second city of the Byzantine Empire.
It continued to grow under the Ottoman Empire with the arrival in the 15th century of thousands of Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain.
The excavation has turned up over 300,000 items of importance, including 50,000 coins, in addition to two marble plazas, a 15-meter (nearly 50-foot) fountain and an early Christian church.
Alongside the stone-paved road, the Decumanus Maximus, crews also found the remains of mud-bricked workshops where jewelers plied their trade—as they still do today, in blocks of flats above the subway dig.
Golden wreaths and jewellery were also found in over 5,000 graves and tombs along the subway route, but it was another, more humble discovery that excited archaeologists, Adam-Veleni said.
“We found vessels shaped like hand grenades. Initially we couldn’t figure out their purpose. Then we realized they were used to store mercury for the making of jewellery,” she said.
“This plain object was extremely valuable to us. Because ultimately it gave us the interpretation that it was used in these workshops,” Adam-Veleni said.
‘False dilemma’
The subway’s construction was commissioned in 2003, with work beginning three years later. It should have been completed in 2012.
But the project stalled amid debate on how to best preserve the antiquities found, says Yannis Mylopoulos, chairman of state subway builders Attiko Metro.
The archaeological excavations alone cost over $93 million, according to the company.
“The city was called to decide, metro or antiquities? This was a false dilemma… we are doing both. The city is discovering and showcasing its history,” said Mylopoulos, a professor of civil engineering and former rector of Thessaloniki’s Aristotle University.
Once completed, footpaths above the two subway stations where the main discoveries were made—Eleftherios Venizelos, named after the Greek statesman, and Hagia Sophia, the iconic cathedral built by Justinian—will give a broad view of the heart of the ancient city’s trade district.
“These will be archaeological sites open to the public… a city under the city, just as it was in the third and fourth century AD,” Mylopoulos said.
Scheduled to be operational in late 2020, the 1.5-billion-euro Thessaloniki metro will at first have 13 stations and run a distance of 9.6 kilometers.
A future expansion is planned to include the city airport.
