Since 1901, the Nobel prizes have been awarded to men, women and organizations for work that has led to great advances for humankind, in line with the wishes of inventor Alfred Nobel.
Here are five things to know about the prizes and their creator.
A misunderstanding?
On April 12, 1888, Alfred Nobel’s elder brother Ludvig died in Cannes, France.
But newspaper Le Figaro mixed up the brothers and announced Alfred’s death on its front page under a rather inflammatory headline: “A man who can hardly be called a benefactor of humanity died yesterday in Cannes. He is Nobel, inventor of dynamite.”
Many credit this slight as the inspiration for Nobel’s creation of the prizes, pointing to the wording in his will that the prizes should go to those who “have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.”
“But we can only imagine” because the incident is not mentioned in his correspondence, his biographer Ingrid Carlberg told AFP.
As for the visitors who came to offer their condolences at the inventor’s Parisian mansion, they were surprised to be greeted by a very much alive Alfred, as reported by Le Figaro the following day.
Older and older discoveries
In Nobel’s will, the rewards were to go to those who had served humanity “during the preceding year.” However, from the awards’ inception in 1901 and onwards, this has rarely been imperative.
It often takes time for the true impact of discoveries to become known, and the number of worthy recipients is accumulating. As a result, work that is several decades old is often rewarded.
John Goodenough, for example, in 2019 became the oldest person to win a Nobel, at the age of 97. He is now the oldest living Nobel laureate, at 99. The youngest was Malala Yousafzai of Pakistan, who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017 at 17.
Posthumous awards
Since 1974, the statutes of the Nobel Foundation stipulate that the award may not be given posthumously. But a person may be awarded the honour if she or he dies between the time of the announcement in October and the formal prize ceremony in December.
Before the change, only two people had won a Nobel posthumously.
One was Dag Hammarskjold, the Swedish secretary-general of the United Nations who died in a plane crash in 1961 but was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize later the same year.
And in 1931, the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded posthumously to another Swede, Erik Axel Karlfeldt.
In 2011, the medicine prize committee selected Ralph Steinman of Canada, unaware that he had passed away just three days before its announcement.
The foundation decided nevertheless to give him the prize.
Unlikely peace prize nominations
From Adolf Hitler to Michael Jackson via Stalin or Mussolini, the Nobel Peace Prize has seen its share of improbable, far-fetched or eyebrow-raising candidates in its 120-year existence.
Hitler was nominated for the peace prize by a Swedish MP in January 1939, on the brink of the bloodiest conflict in history.
The proposal, which was meant as sarcasm and aimed at discrediting the nomination of Britain’s Neville Chamberlain after the Munich Agreements, was however withdrawn.
Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic, later tried for genocide, was also nominated, as was Jules Rimet, the “father” of the football World Cup.
Only one in 20 female laureates
While their representation among winners has been steadily increasing in the last decades compared to the early years, women still account for about just six percent of winners.
Since 2001, 28 women have been awarded all prizes combined, almost three times as many as in the previous two decades.
In 2009, five women received a Nobel prize, including the first female laureate in economics, American Elinor Ostrom—a record that has yet to be equalled.
“Nobel would have been annoyed by this statistic,” Ingrid Carlberg said.
“He was a feminist before his time, who defended women’s careers and admired female intellectuals.”
Economics has had the fewest women laureates at 2.3 percent, lower than the science prizes combined which have seen 3.7 percent women.
While slightly more evenly distributed, literature is still largely a male affair with 13.7 women among laureates, with the peace prize faring slightly better at 15.9 percent.
Nevertheless, the first person to win the Nobel prize twice was Marie Curie, in 1903 in physics and in 1911 in chemistry.
