Mexico's Supreme Court on Monday decriminalized recreational marijuana use for adults, drawing a cautious welcome from activists who said users face a "legal vacuum" until lawmakers pass a stalled legalization bill.
"Today is a historic day for liberties," court president Arturo Zaldivar said, after eight of the 11 judges backed the decision declaring the drug's prohibition under the health law to be unconstitutional.
The ruling comes after Congress failed to enact legislation allowing recreational marijuana use by an April 30 deadline set by the country's highest court.
The landmark bill was approved by the lower house in March but still needs final approval by the upper house, the Senate.
In April, the ruling majority in the Senate said it was considering postponing the final discussion on the law until September.
The Supreme Court urged Congress to issue the necessary legislation "in order to generate legal certainty."
Legal obstacles
Pro-legalization campaigners said the Supreme Court ruling left cannabis users facing many uncertainties.
Mexico United Against Crime, a non-governmental organization, said the decision "does not decriminalize the activities necessary to carry out consumption" such as production, possession, and transportation of marijuana.
The ruling "leaves a legal vacuum with respect to the consumption, cultivation, and distribution of cannabis," it added, calling on Congress to issue the necessary legislation.
Veteran pot legalization activist Jorge Hernandez Tinajero, who is part of the Mexican Association of Cannabis Studies, was also skeptical about the announcement.
"They do not dare to go further," he said, adding that recreational users still faced legal obstacles to possessing marijuana.
Massive market
One consequence of the court ruling is that recreational users will be able to obtain a permit from national health regulator Cofepris more easily, said Adriana Muro, director of rights group Elementa.
"What had happened on previous occasions was that Cofepris denied those permits," she told AFP.
"Now that permission has to be given automatically," she added.
But that does not open the door to commercialization or personal possession of more than the five grams already allowed, said Francisco Burgoa, a constitutional lawyer, and professor at the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
"Congress urgently needs to legislate, but I think that President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador is not personally in favor," he told AFP.
The legislation would make Mexico, home to 126 million people, one of just a few countries, including Uruguay and Canada, to legalize cannabis for recreational use.
Cannabis use for medicinal purposes has been decriminalized in Mexico since June 2017.
Experts say the legal recreational market could be worth billions of dollars in Mexico, where authorities seized 244 tons of marijuana in 2020.
The legalization push is partly aimed at curbing drug-related violence that claims thousands of lives each year in the Latin American nation.
More than 300,000 people have been murdered since the government deployed the army to fight the drug cartels in 2006.