The idea of forgiving debt held by poor countries in exchange for "green" investments gained ground this week during the spring meetings of the IMF and World Bank, with concrete proposals expected in time for a global climate summit this fall.
Low-income countries face a double crisis — they are under pressure to pay down their debt while also confronting environmental problems.
That makes them "highly, highly vulnerable," Kristalina Georgieva, managing director of the International Monetary Fund, said this week, adding that it thus "makes sense" for the world to pursue so-called "green debt swaps."
A World Bank spokeswoman underscored that point.
"The Covid-19 crisis has made it significantly harder for developing countries to tackle the rising risks posed by climate change" and environmental disasters, said the spokeswoman, who declined to be named.
With already tight budgets, these countries have had to use emergency financial assistance to address the severe impact of the pandemic and the resulting economic crisis.
"By enlarging the debt burdens of governments — which were already at record levels on the eve of the crisis — it has left them with fewer resources to invest in a recovery that will also put the planet on a more sustainable footing," the spokeswoman told AFP.
'Creative options'
A technical working group — bringing together representatives not only of the IMF and World Bank but also of the United Nations and the OECD — was launched this week to examine "creative options to help countries tackle these simultaneous challenges," the World Bank spokeswoman said.
"This work has only just begun," she said, "but we think a proactive approach is essential: we must look closely at how potential solutions to the challenges of climate and debt can be integrated to address the key development issues of our time."
While there is no timeline yet for announcing concrete measures, all parties involved are clearly pointing toward the COP26 climate summit to be held in November in the Scottish city of Glasgow.
"We are going to work with the World Bank. And by COP26 we will advance that option" of a debt swap, Georgieva said, adding that it will then be up to creditors and debtors to decide whether to take part.
For Thierry Deau, the founder and CEO of the Paris-based Meridiam group, which specializes in developing and financing infrastructure projects, if the green debt-swap option is pursued, it will have to be linked to clear "conditionalities" to ensure that debt relief in fact leads to the launching of green projects.
Job opportunities
"The primary responsibility there on this debt relief is between the countries that are on both sides," he said. "There's a lot of politeness about this topic, and I think we have to stop that and create real true partnerships."
The IMF and World Bank will also have to consider the plight of several island nations with middle-income economies that receive less economic support but face daunting environmental challenges.
Their heavily tourism-dependent economies have seen revenues dry up as the coronavirus pandemic severely curtails world travel.
At the same time, their low-lying territories are often the victims of extreme weather events, including devastating cyclones or hurricanes.
Georgieva said this week that vulnerability to climate shocks should be taken into account when the international agencies allocate financial aid.
She also stressed that countries launching "green" projects can see the added benefit of heightened employment.
"There are opportunities for job creation," she said. "Just take, for example, renewable energy — seven jobs to one in the traditional coal energy sector," even if some training is required.
"Similarly, reforestation, taking care of land degradation, resilience to climate shocks, these are all labor-intensive activities," Georgieva said.
"Policymakers need to think about it now."
